Borobudur is the name of a Buddhist temple located at Borobudur District of Magelang District
which is located south + 15 miles south of the city of Magelang kedu hilly plains almost entirely surrounded by mountains, the mountains surrounding the Borobudur temple in between the east there Merbabu and Mount Merapi West, Sea Sumbing and Sindoro.
In ethnic Chinese, this temple is also called 婆羅 浮屠 (Hanyu Pinyin: Luo Fu pó TU) in Mandarin.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ORIGINS BOROBUDUR
TIME ESTABLISHED
Many books - history books are written about Borobudur Temple Borobudur but when it was founded can not know for sure
but an estimate can be obtained with a short inscription in relief pahatkan feet above the original frame Borobudur (Karwa Wibhangga)
shows similar to that in the letter of the inscription get at the end of century - 8th century until the beginning - 9
of evidence - evidence that can be deduced that the Borobudur Temple was founded around the year 800 AD.
The above conclusion was correct was in accordance with the framework of Indonesian history in general and history are in the area of Central Java in particular
century period between - 8 and the mid-century - in the famous 9th century the Sailendra Dynasty Gold
This triumph marked on the rise and a large number of temples on the slopes - mostly standing mountain slopes typical Hindu building while lying on the plain - the plain is a typical Buddhist building but there are also some typical Hindu
Thus it can be deduced that in Borobudur Temple was built by the Sailendra dynasty famous in history because as efforts to uphold and glorify the Mahayana Buddhism.
Borobudur Development Phase
* The first stage
Borobudur construction period is unknown (estimated between 750 and 850 AD). Initially built storey apartment layout. It seems designed as a terraced pyramid. but was later changed. As evidence of the demolished apartment layout.
* The second stage
Borobudur foundation widened, plus two square steps and one step directly circle given the huge main stupa.
* The third stage
Steps on the circle with a large main stupa dismantled and removed and replaced by three railroad circles. Stupas built on top of these steps with a large stupa in the middle.
* The fourth stage
There are small changes such as making changes to the stairs and curved reliefs above the door.
recovery
Borobudur is a wonder of the world towering between the lowlands around him.
Will never make sense they see the greatest work of art is the result of the work was amazing and not make more sense to say it again when in Borobudur Temple had been damaged
Indeed this is the case Borobudur forgotten during the grace period long enough even to many - the building is so magnificent century faced with the destruction process.
About - about 150 years Borobudur only be used as a pilgrimage center, a short time compared to the age when workers decorate / build a natural hill Borobudur temple with stones - under the rule of a very well known that Samaratungga,
circa 800 - early by the end of the Mataram kingdom out 930 M central Javanese life and culture shifted to the east
Similarly, because of the long neglected neglected - long there - here is growing kind of - kind of wild plants which gradually became overgrown and covering the building.
At about - about - century Borobudur 10 abandoned and forgotten.
New in 1814 AD thanks to the efforts of Sir Thomas Stamford Rafles Borobudur emerged from the darkness of the past.
Rafles was Lieutenant Governor-General of the United Kingdom, when Indonesia in the master / in jajah England in 1811 AD -1816 AD
In 1835 AD the whole temple freed from what is the view of the barrier by the President named Hartman,
because so interested to Borobudur temple so that he sought further cleaning,
-puing debris still cover in the temple and the land rid covered hall - the hall of the temple in the temple get rid of all that is good in the previous compare.
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| First Photos of 1873 Borobudur, the Dutch flag appears on the main stupa temple |
RESCUE 1
Since Borobudur found repair and restoration efforts began re-building Borobudur
first - first only done small - piecemeal and the making of images - images and pictures - photo reliefs.
Restoration of Borobudur temple which was first held in 1907 AD - 1911 AD under the leadership of Mr. Van erf the intention is to avoid damage - damage greater than building Borobudur
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| The highest terrace after restoration Van Erp |
Regarding the gate - gate only a few are already at that time had been working to restore the glory of the past,
but also needs to realize that the year - the year in Borobudur through for hidden in the bush - a bush indirectly cover and protect from bad weather that might damage the building Borobudur,
Van Erp argued tilt and meleseknya wall - the wall of the building was not very harmful to the building,
Opinion was until 50 years later it is not wrong but since 1960 AD opinion of Mr. Van erf was started in doubt and in fear there will be more damage
Borobudur Restoration
Borobudur Restoration in starting on August 10, 1973
prasati commencement of work restoration of Borobudur temple is located in the Northwest Facing east
restoration employees no less than 600 of them there is force - force a young high school graduates and SIM
buildings that are given education, especially regarding the theory and practice in the field of Archaeology Chemika (CA) and Technology Archaeology (TA)
Archaeology Technology served unpacking and installing stones - Borobudur while Chemika Archaeology charge of cleaning and repair stones - stones that have been cracked and broken,
job - job retention above all archeology is handled by the body restoration of Borobudur temple,
while the work of a technical nature such as the provision of transport providing materials - building materials handled by contractors
(PT Nidya WORKS AND THE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION OF CONTRUCTION AND THE Filipine).
Part - the part that is in pugar Borobudur is part Rupadhatu namely the level of the bottom of the square while the foot of Borobudur Temple and porch I, II, III and the main stupa participate in pugar restoration was completed on February 23, 1983 under the leadership of M DR Soekmono marked with an inscription stone weighing 20 tons +.
Inscription inauguration of the completion of restoration is in the west courtyard with a very large rock on the make with the two parts of the north-facing one another facing east
writing in the inscription signed by the expert and skilled personnel from working on the project Yogyakarta Borobudur restoration.
Overview The process of restoration of Borobudur Time
* 1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor General of United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of archaeological objects in the village of Borobudur.
Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius to investigate the discovery site, a hill covered with shrubs.
* 1873 - the first monograph published about the temple.
* 1900 - The Dutch East Indies government set up a committee of restoration and maintenance of Borobudur.
* 1907 - Theodoor van Erp led the restoration until 1911.
* 1926 - Borobudur restored again, but stopped in 1940 due to malaise and the crisis of World War II.
* 1956 - The Indonesian government requested the assistance of UNESCO.
Prof Dr Prof. Dr. C. Coremans came to Indonesia from Belgium to investigate the causes of damage to Borobudur.
* 1963 - The Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but the mess after the events of the G-30-S.
* 1968 - At a conference-15 in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.
* 1971 - The Indonesian government established a body chaired by the restoration of Borobudur Prof.Ir.Roosseno.
* 1972 - International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and Roosseno as chairman.
UNESCO-sponsored committees to provide 5 million US dollars from the cost of the restoration of 7,750 million US dollars.
The rest is borne by Indonesia.
* August 10, 1973 - President Soeharto inaugurated the start of the restoration of Borobudur; restoration was completed in 1984
* January 21, 1985 - bomb attacks that destroyed some of the stupa at Borobudur Temple was soon restored.
Attacks carried out by the Islamic extremist group led by Husein Ali Al Ethiopia.
* 1991 - Borobudur designated as World Heritage by UNESCO.
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| The Stones Warning restoration of Borobudur temple with the help of UNESCO |
NAME ORIGIN BOROBUDUR
Many theories attempt to explain the name of this temple.
One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces.
In addition there are some other folk etymology.
Suppose borobudur word comes from the words "the Buddha" is due to shift into borobudur sound.
Another explanation is that the name is derived from two words "coal" and "beduhur".
The word bara said to have originated from the monastery, while there are also other explanations where the coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above".
So the point is a monastery or hostel located on high ground.
Historian J.G. Casparis in his dissertation to earn his doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship.
Based on the inscription Karangtengah and Kahulunan, Casparis estimate Borobudur founder of the dynasty was the king of Mataram dynasty named Samaratungga, who do construction around the year 824 AD
The giant new building could be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani.
Borobudur Development estimated take half a century.
In Karangtengah inscriptions also mentioned about the bestowal of land sima (tax-free land) by Cri Kahulunan (Pramudawardhani) to maintain Kamulan called Bhūmisambhāra.
The term itself comes from the word Kamulan first place, which means the origin, a sacred building to honor the ancestors,
ancestors of the dynasty Sailendra possibility.
Casparis Sambhāra Bhudhāra estimates that Bhumi in Sanskrit which means' Hill set of ten levels boddhisattwa virtue ", was the original name of Borobudur.
BUILDING BOROBUDUR
BUILDING DESCRIPTION BOROBUDUR
Borobudur Temple was built using stone Adhesit 55,000 M3
Borobudur temple pyramid-shaped building that staircase - stair steps with the rose in all - four sides (north, south, east and west)
at Borobudur no room where people can not get in, but could rise to the top only.
The width of the building Borobudur 123 M
Long building Borobudur 123 M
At the turning angle 113 M
And high building Borobudur 30.5 M
At the foot of the original in Adhesit closed by a stone as much as 12,750 M3 undaknya breezeway.
Borobudur has the basic structure punden, with six courts of the square, three round circular courtyard and a main stupa as a peak.
Also scattered in all the court several stupas.
Ten courtyard owned Borobudur illustrates clearly the Mahayana school of philosophy.
Like a book, Borobudur described ten levels of Bodhisattva who must pass to reach the perfection of the Buddha.
The foot of Borobudur symbolize Kamadhatu, the world is still dominated by kama or "low desire".
This section is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of the temple.
In the closed part of this additional structure there are 120 panels Kammawibhangga story.
Some small additional structure was set aside so people can still see the relief in this section.
Four floors with walls berelief on it by the experts called Rupadhatu.
The floor is rectangular.
Rupadhatu is the world that has been able to break free from lust, but is still bound to appearance and shape.
This level represents the nature of which, between the underworld and the upper world.
In part this Rupadhatu Buddha statues found in the recesses of the wall above ballustrade or breezeway.
Starting the fifth to the seventh floor walls are not berelief.
This level is called Arupadhatu (which means no tangible form or not).
Circular floor plan.
This level represents the nature of, where people are free from all desires and bond forms and shapes, but have not reached nirvana.
Statues of Buddha placed in a stupa covered with holes as in the cage.
From outside the statues were still vaguely visible.
The highest level that describes the lack of form is represented in the form of the largest and highest stupa.
Stupa described plain without the holes.
In the largest stupa is a Buddha statue ever found imperfect or unfinished also called Buddha, who disalahsangkakan as Adibuddha statue, but through further research there never was a statue at the main stupa, which was not completed sculpture was a mistake sculptor in ancient times.
according to the belief that one statue in the manufacturing process is not to be tampered with.
Archaeological excavations conducted in the temple found many statues like this.
In the past, several Buddha statues along with 30 stones with reliefs, two lions, some kala-shaped stone, stairs and gates are sent to the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn who visited the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1896 as a gift from the Dutch Government as it.
Borobudur has no worship spaces like other temples.
That there are long hallways which is a narrow road.
The hallways surrounding the walled temple level by level.
In the halls of this is expected to conduct Buddhist ceremonies walk around the temple to the right.
The shape of the building without room and terraced structure is believed to be the development of a form of punden, which is a form of original architecture from prehistoric Indonesia.
Borobudur structure when viewed from above form the structure of the Mandala.
Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the interlock system is like Lego blocks that can be attached without glue.
STATUE
Inside the building there is a statue of Buddha - Buddha statue numbered 504 pieces including the following:
Buddha statue found in niches - niches: 432 Fruit
While on the porch - the porch I, II, III totaled 72 Fruit
Number: 504 Fruit
To be more clear arrangement - the arrangement of the Buddha statue in the Buddha as follows:
1. Step I teradapat: 104 Buddhist Statues
2. There is a Step II: 104 Buddhist Statues
3. There is a Step III: 88 Statues of Buddha
4. There is a Step IV: 22 Statues of Buddha
5. There is a Step V: 64 Statues of Buddha
6. There is a terrace Round I: 32 Statues of Buddha
7. There is a terrace Round II: 24 Statues of Buddha
8. There is a terrace Round III: 16 Statues of Buddha
Number: 504 Buddhist Statues
At first glance it looks similar to the Buddha statue, everything, but the truth is there is also a difference very clear distinction and distinguish from each other that is the hand gesture called Mudra and is characteristic for each statue
hand gesture Buddha statue in Borobudur temple there are 6 kinds just as wide therefore have a wide mudra in facing all directions (North West and South East) in section V and the step rupadhatu arupadhatu section generally describes the same purpose, the number of mudra there are 5 principal
it is the fifth mudra Bhumispara - Wara Mudra - Mudra, Dhayana - Mudra, Abhaya - Mudra, Dharma Chakra - Mudra.
LION STATUE
In addition to Borobudur Buddhist statues there are also lions lions amount should not be less than 32 pieces but if the count is now dwindling due to various reasons one of which is a large lion statues on the West side of the page are also facing west as - if she were keeping Borobudur is a magnificent building and elegant.
STUPA
- Parent Stupa
Larger than the stupa - other stupas and located in the middle - the middle of the top of the entire monument is mhkota building Borobudur,
the center line of the parent + 9.90 M Stupa highest peak called pinakel / Yasti Cikkara, located above and also trletak Padmaganda Harmika line.
- Perforated stupa / Overlay
The meaning or overlay perforated stupa Stupa is located on the terrace I, II, III in which there is a statue of Buddha.
In perforated stupa Borobudur whole number 72 Fruit, stupas - the stupa at the level Arupadhatu
I found 32 Terrace Stupa
Terrace II there were 24 Stupa
Terrace III are 16 Stupa
Number 72 Stupa
- Small Stupa
Small stupa shaped stupa is similar to other menojol only difference that is smaller in size than the other stupas, as if - if a building decoration Borobudur keberadaanstupa occupy niches - niches in step II to V whereas saampai step on the first step Keben form and partly in the form of a small number of small stupa stupa there are 1472 Fruit.
RELIEF
At every level carved reliefs on temple walls.
These reliefs read according clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit meaning is daksina east.
These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs Jataka stories.
Reading of the stories are always the starting relief, and ends on the east side of the gate in every level, starting at the left and ended up on the right side of the gate.
So obviously that the east is the ladder up the real (main) and toward the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing east while the other sides of similar right.
In sequence, the story of the temple reliefs meaningful briefly as follows:
Karmawibhangga
In accordance with the symbolic meaning of the foot of the temple,
reliefs which decorate the walls of a hidden shelf that illustrate the law of karma.
Rows of relief is not a story series (series),
but in every frame illustrates a story that has a causal correlation.
Relief is not only to provide an overview of the human moral turpitude accompanied by penalties that will be obtained,
but also human and reward good deeds.
Overall a depiction of human life within the circle of birth - life - death (samsara) that never ends, and by Buddhism chain is exactly what will be ended to to perfection
Lalitawistara
A depiction of the history of the Buddha in a row of reliefs (but not a complete history)
which starts from the Buddha's descent from heaven Tusita, and ends with the first sermon in the Deer Park near the city of Banaras.
These reliefs lined the stairs on the south side, after a row exceeded the relief of 27 frames starting from the east side of the ladder.
To-27 frames that depict activity, both in heaven and in the world, as a preparation to welcome the presence of the last incarnation of the Bodhisattva as the candidate of the Buddha.
The reliefs depict the birth of the Buddha in this arcapada as Prince Siddhartha, son of King Suddhodana and Maya Empress of State Kapilavastu.
The relief of 120 frames, which ended with the first sermon, which symbolically expressed as a Screening Wheel of Dharma, the Buddha's teaching is called dharma which also means "law", whereas dharma represented as a wheel.
Jataka AND Awadana
Jataka are stories about the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddhartha.
Protrusion of contents is the subject of good works, which distinguishes the Bodhisattvas of any other creature.
Indeed, the collection service / good deeds is a stage in the preparation of the business to the level to Buddhahood.
While Awadana, basically similar to the Jataka but the culprit is not the Bodhisattvas, but other people and stories collected in the book which means noble deeds Diwyawadana divinity, and a book or a hundred stories Awadanasataka Awadana.
In the reliefs of Borobudur and Awadana Jataka, treated equally, meaning they are in the same row without a distinguishable.
The set of the best-known of the life of the Bodhisattva is Jatakamala or string of Jataka stories, Aryasura and poet who lived in the 4th century AD.
Gandawyuha
Is a row of reliefs adorn the walls of the hall to-2, is a story Sudhana wandering tirelessly in his quest for knowledge about the Supreme Truth by Sudhana.
Depiction in frame 460 based on Mahayana Buddhist scripture entitled Gandawyuha, and to cover part of the story is based on other books that Bhadracari.
ARCA BUDDHA
In addition to the form of Buddha in Buddhist cosmology is engraved on the walls, there are many statues at Borobudur buddha sitting cross-legged in the lotus position and show mudras, or symbolic hand gesture given.
Buddha statue in the recesses in Rupadhatu level, organized by row on the outside of the balustrade.
The numbers on the wane on its upper side.
The first row of the balustrade consists of 104 niches, the second line 104 niches, recesses 88 third line, fourth line 72 niches, and the fifth line 64 niches.
The total number there are 432 Buddha statues in Rupadhatu level.
On the Arupadhatu (three circular courtyard), the statue of Buddha placed in stupas berterawang (perforated).
In the court of the first round there are 32 stupas, the second court of 24 stupas, and the third courtyard there are 16 stupas, all a total of 72 stupas.
Of the original total number of 504 Buddha statues, over 300 have been damaged (mostly headless) and 43 missing (since the monument's discovery, heads of Buddha is often stolen as collectibles, mostly by foreign museums).
On the face of all these buddha statues look similar, but there are subtle differences among them, namely the mudras or the position of the hand gesture.
There are five groups of mudra: North, East, South, West, and Central America, all of which is based on five main directions of the compass according to Mahayana.
Fourth balustrade has four mudras: North, East, South, and West,
where each buddha statues facing towards the display typical mudra.
Buddha statues at the fifth balustrades and inside the 72 buddha statues in the courtyard of the stupa berterawang on display mudra: Middle or Center.
Each mudra symbolizes the five Dhyani Buddhas;
each with its own symbolic meaning
Below Are Some Photos of Borobudur
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